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FTTB (Fiber to the Building) and FTTC (Fiber to the Cabinet, also called Fiber to the Curb) are two hybrid fiber-copper access architectures that sit between traditional copper-only networks and full fiber-to-the-home. Both use optical fiber to carry high-capacity traffic deep into the access network, and both rely on existing copper infrastructure to reach the subscriber. The difference lies in where the fiber terminates and how much copper remains in the path.
In FTTC, the fiber terminates at a street cabinet—a roadside enclosure that serves a cluster of 100 to 300 premises. From the cabinet, the existing twisted-pair copper network carries the signal to each subscriber. The copper loop length from the cabinet to the premises is typically 100 to 500 meters. In FTTB, the fiber extends further, terminating at a cabinet or equipment room inside the building itself. From that point, the copper loop to each apartment is much shorter—typically 20 to 100 meters.
The difference in copper loop length has a direct and dramatic effect on achievable bandwidth. Copper attenuation increases with both frequency and distance. A VDSL2 signal that delivers 100 Mbps over 300 meters may deliver only 20 Mbps over 1,200 meters. G.fast, which uses higher frequencies, delivers 500 Mbps to 1 Gbps over 100 meters but drops to a few hundred Mbps at 300 meters and becomes unusable beyond 500 meters. This is why FTTB consistently outperforms FTTC: the shorter copper loop enables higher frequencies, wider channels, and greater bandwidth.
The choice between FTTB and FTTC is fundamentally a question of how deep to push the fiber and how much copper to leave in the path. FTTC is cheaper and faster to deploy because the cabinet serves many premises and the existing copper network is reused. FTTB delivers higher bandwidth because the copper loop is shorter, but it requires fiber to be pulled to each building—a more expensive and time-consuming proposition, especially in areas with many small buildings.
This guide examines both architectures in depth: their topology, copper loop characteristics, achievable bandwidth, latency, deployment requirements, cost structures, application scenarios, and the migration path to full FTTH.
1. What Is FTTC?
FTTC, or Fiber to the Cabinet, is an access network architecture in which optical fiber runs from the operator's central office to a street cabinet located near the served premises. The cabinet contains a DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) or a G.fast distribution point unit (DPU) that converts the optical signal to an electrical signal for transmission over the existing copper twisted-pair network.
The copper network from the cabinet to the premises is the same network that previously carried voice and ADSL services. Depending on the architecture, the copper pairs may run directly from the cabinet to each premises, or they may pass through one or more intermediate distribution points—such as a primary cross-connection point (PCP) or a secondary cross-connection point (SCP)—before reaching the subscriber.
1.1 FTTC Topology
Fiber segment: From the central office to the street cabinet. Typically a point-to-point fiber or a PON connection.
Cabinet equipment: A DSLAM or G.fast DPU, powered from the local electricity network, with backup batteries for continuity during power outages.
Copper segment: From the cabinet to the subscriber premises, using the existing twisted-pair network.
Copper loop length: Typically 100 to 500 meters, depending on the distance from the cabinet to the premises.
Premises equipment: A VDSL2 or G.fast modem connected to the existing telephone outlet.
1.2 FTTC Characteristics
Cabinet-based: The fiber terminates at a street cabinet serving many premises.
Longer copper loop: 100–500 meters, limiting the achievable bandwidth.
Shared cabinet equipment: The DSLAM or DPU is shared among all premises served by the cabinet.
Faster deployment: Fiber is pulled only to the cabinet, not to each building.
Lower cost per premises: The cabinet equipment and fiber are amortized over many subscribers.
2. What Is FTTB?
FTTB, or Fiber to the Building, is an access network architecture in which optical fiber runs from the operator's central office to a point inside the building—typically the basement, a telecommunications room, or a dedicated equipment closet. From that point, the existing copper infrastructure within the building is used to reach each apartment or office.
The FTTB distribution point—a DSLAM or G.fast DPU—is installed in the building's telecom room and connected to the fiber. The existing copper pairs, which were originally installed for voice service, are then used to carry the broadband signal to each unit. Because the building's internal copper network is typically much shorter than the copper network from a street cabinet, the achievable bandwidth is significantly higher.
2.1 FTTB Topology
Fiber segment: From the central office to the building's equipment room. Typically a point-to-point fiber or a PON connection.
Building equipment: A DSLAM or G.fast DPU, installed in the building's telecom room.
Copper segment: From the building's telecom room to each unit, using the existing in-building twisted-pair network.
Copper loop length: Typically 20 to 100 meters, depending on the building's size and layout.
Premises equipment: A VDSL2 or G.fast modem connected to the existing telephone outlet in each unit.
2.2 FTTB Characteristics
Building-based: The fiber terminates inside the building, not at a street cabinet.
Shorter copper loop: 20–100 meters, enabling higher bandwidth.
Building-level equipment: The DSLAM or DPU serves only the building's units.
Moderate deployment cost: Fiber must be pulled to each building, but no in-building fiber is required.
Per-building economics: The equipment cost is amortized over the building's units, which may be few in small buildings.
3. The Copper Loop: The Decisive Variable
The single most important factor determining the performance of both FTTC and FTTB is the length and quality of the copper loop between the fiber termination point and the subscriber premises. Copper attenuation increases with both frequency and distance, and the usable frequency spectrum—and therefore the achievable bandwidth—is directly determined by the loop length.
3.1 Copper Attenuation vs Frequency
Twisted-pair copper exhibits frequency-dependent attenuation. At low frequencies (below 1 MHz), the attenuation is relatively low and the signal can travel long distances. At higher frequencies (above 10 MHz), the attenuation increases sharply, and the signal degrades rapidly with distance. VDSL2 uses frequencies up to 30 MHz, while G.fast uses frequencies up to 106 MHz (and up to 212 MHz in later profiles).
The practical consequence is that higher bandwidth requires shorter copper loops. VDSL2 can deliver 100 Mbps over 300 meters, but only 20 Mbps over 1,200 meters. G.fast can deliver 1 Gbps over 100 meters, but only 300 Mbps over 300 meters, and it becomes unusable beyond 500 meters.
| Copper Loop Length | VDSL2 (30 MHz) | G.fast (106 MHz) | Typical Architecture |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50 m | ~150 Mbps | ~1,000 Mbps | FTTB (small building) |
| 100 m | ~120 Mbps | ~800 Mbps | FTTB (medium building) |
| 200 m | ~80 Mbps | ~500 Mbps | FTTB (large building) / FTTC (short loop) |
| 300 m | ~60 Mbps | ~300 Mbps | FTTC (short loop) |
| 500 m | ~40 Mbps | ~150 Mbps | FTTC (medium loop) |
| 1,000 m | ~20 Mbps | Not viable | FTTC (long loop) |
| 1,500 m | ~10 Mbps | Not viable | FTTC (very long loop) |
The table illustrates the dramatic effect of loop length on achievable bandwidth. A G.fast connection over a 100-meter loop delivers 800 Mbps, while the same technology over a 500-meter loop delivers only 150 Mbps—a fivefold reduction. This is why FTTB, with its short in-building copper loops, consistently outperforms FTTC, where the copper loop from the street cabinet is inherently longer.
3.2 Copper Quality and Condition
Beyond length, the quality and condition of the copper pair affect performance. Factors include:
Wire gauge: Thicker wires (lower AWG) have lower attenuation and support higher bandwidth over longer distances.
Pair balance: Well-balanced pairs have lower crosstalk and support higher frequencies.
Bridge taps: Unused copper branches attached to the pair cause reflections and degrade performance, especially at higher frequencies.
Age and corrosion: Older copper may have splices, corrosion, or water ingress that increase attenuation and noise.
Crosstalk: Adjacent pairs in the same binder couple signal into each other, causing crosstalk that limits performance—especially in G.fast, where vectoring is used to cancel it.
In practice, the copper network from a street cabinet is older and more variable in quality than the in-building copper of a modern MDU. This further favors FTTB in terms of achievable performance.
4. Bandwidth Comparison
The achievable bandwidth differs significantly between FTTC and FTTB because of the copper loop length difference.
4.1 FTTC Bandwidth
FTTC using VDSL2 typically delivers 20 to 80 Mbps downstream and 5 to 20 Mbps upstream, depending on the loop length and copper quality. In areas where the cabinet is close to the premises (less than 300 meters), VDSL2 can deliver up to 100 Mbps. G.fast in an FTTC configuration, where the DPU is at the cabinet, delivers 150 to 500 Mbps depending on the loop length, but it is often limited by the distance from the cabinet to the premises.
FTTC bandwidth is also shared among the subscribers served by the same cabinet. A cabinet serving 200 premises may have a 1 Gbps or 10 Gbps fiber backhaul, which is shared among all active subscribers. During peak hours, the per-subscriber bandwidth can drop significantly.
4.2 FTTB Bandwidth
FTTB using VDSL2 typically delivers 80 to 150 Mbps downstream over the short in-building copper loop. G.fast in an FTTB configuration, where the DPU is in the building's telecom room, delivers 500 Mbps to 1 Gbps over the in-building copper, depending on the loop length and the number of units.
FTTB bandwidth is shared among the building's units, but the fiber backhaul to the building can be sized to match the building's aggregate demand. A building with 50 units might have a 10 Gbps fiber backhaul, providing 200 Mbps per unit on average—far more than the copper loop can deliver in an FTTC configuration.
| Parameter | FTTC (VDSL2) | FTTC (G.fast) | FTTB (VDSL2) | FTTB (G.fast) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Typical Downstream | 20–80 Mbps | 150–500 Mbps | 80–150 Mbps | 500–1,000 Mbps |
| Typical Upstream | 5–20 Mbps | 50–200 Mbps | 20–40 Mbps | 200–500 Mbps |
| Copper Loop Length | 100–500 m | 100–300 m | 20–100 m | 20–100 m |
| Backhaul Sharing | Shared among cabinet subscribers | Shared among cabinet subscribers | Shared among building units | Shared among building units |
5. Latency and Performance
Latency and jitter differ between FTTC and FTTB because of the copper loop length and the technologies used.
5.1 FTTC Latency
FTTC latency is dominated by the copper segment from the cabinet to the premises. VDSL2 and G.fast use forward error correction (FEC) and interleaving to combat impulse noise on the copper pair. Interleaving introduces additional latency—typically 5 to 15 milliseconds—because it spreads the data over time to allow error correction. The longer the copper loop, the more interleaving is required, and the higher the latency.
FTTC round-trip latency is typically 10 to 25 milliseconds, depending on the loop length and the interleaving depth. This is higher than FTTH (1–5 ms) but lower than older ADSL technologies.
5.2 FTTB Latency
FTTB latency is lower because the copper loop is shorter. With a shorter loop, less interleaving is required, and the FEC can operate with lower latency. G.fast, which uses a shorter copper loop, can operate with lower interleaving depth and therefore lower latency than VDSL2 over a longer loop.
FTTB round-trip latency is typically 5 to 15 milliseconds, depending on the copper loop length and the technology used. This is lower than FTTC but still higher than FTTH.
| Parameter | FTTC (VDSL2) | FTTC (G.fast) | FTTB (G.fast) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Copper Loop Length | 100–500 m | 100–300 m | 20–100 m |
| Interleaving Depth | Higher | Moderate | Lower |
| Typical Round-Trip Latency | 10–25 ms | 5–15 ms | 3–10 ms |
| Jitter | Moderate | Low to moderate | Low |
6. Deployment and Construction
Deployment complexity and construction requirements differ significantly between the two architectures.
6.1 FTTC Deployment
FTTC deployment requires fiber to be pulled from the central office or a fiber aggregation point to each street cabinet. In urban areas with existing duct infrastructure, this can be done relatively quickly. In areas without ducts, trenching may be required, which is more expensive and time-consuming.
The cabinet itself must be installed or upgraded. This involves civil works to prepare the cabinet foundation, installation of the cabinet enclosure, and installation of the DSLAM or DPU and its power and cooling systems. Each cabinet serves 100 to 300 premises, so the number of cabinets required is relatively small compared with the number of buildings.
The copper network from the cabinet to the premises is left in place. No work is required inside the buildings, and the subscriber can self-install the VDSL or G.fast modem by connecting it to the existing telephone outlet.
6.2 FTTB Deployment
FTTB deployment requires fiber to be pulled to each building. This is more extensive than FTTC because the fiber must reach every building, not just every cabinet. In areas with many small buildings, the number of fiber drops can be large, increasing the cost and complexity of deployment.
Within the building, the fiber terminates at the telecom room, where the DSLAM or DPU is installed. The in-building copper network is left in place. No work is required inside the individual units, and the subscriber can self-install the modem by connecting it to the existing telephone outlet.
The building's telecom room must have adequate space, power, and cooling for the DSLAM or DPU. In older buildings, the telecom room may be small or poorly ventilated, requiring upgrades before the equipment can be installed.
| Parameter | FTTC | FTTB |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber Reach | To each street cabinet | To each building |
| Number of Fiber Terminations | Fewer (cabinets) | More (buildings) |
| Civil Works | Cabinet foundations, duct access | Building entry, riser access |
| In-Building Work | None | Telecom room preparation |
| Unit Entry Required | No | No |
| Subscriber Self-Install | Yes | Yes |
| Deployment Complexity | Moderate | Higher (more fiber drops) |
7. Power and Cabinet Requirements
Both FTTC and FTTB require powered equipment in the field, but the location and power requirements differ.
7.1 FTTC Power Requirements
FTTC cabinets contain active electronics—the DSLAM or G.fast DPU—that require electrical power. The cabinet must be connected to the local electricity network, and it typically includes battery backup to maintain service during power outages. The power consumption of a cabinet depends on the number of subscribers served and the technology used: a VDSL2 cabinet serving 200 premises may consume 100 to 300 watts, while a G.fast cabinet may consume more.
The cabinet also requires cooling to maintain the equipment within its operating temperature range. Passive cooling is often used, but in hot climates, active cooling (fans) may be required, adding to the power consumption and maintenance requirements.
7.2 FTTB Power Requirements
FTTB equipment is installed inside the building, where power is typically available from the building's electrical system. The equipment is smaller than a street cabinet DSLAM—a building-level DSLAM or G.fast DPU serving 20 to 100 units may consume 50 to 150 watts. Cooling is provided by the building's HVAC system, and no outdoor cabinet is required.
The power and cooling requirements of FTTB equipment are generally lower than those of FTTC cabinets, because the equipment serves fewer subscribers and is located in a controlled indoor environment.
| Parameter | FTTC | FTTB |
|---|---|---|
| Equipment Location | Outdoor street cabinet | Indoor telecom room |
| Power Source | Local electricity network | Building electrical system |
| Battery Backup | Required | Optional (building UPS may suffice) |
| Power Consumption | 100–300 W per cabinet | 50–150 W per building |
| Cooling | Passive or active (fans) | Building HVAC |
| Environmental Protection | Weatherproof enclosure | Controlled indoor environment |
8. Cost Comparison
The cost structure differs between FTTC and FTTB, with FTTC having lower fiber deployment costs but higher cabinet costs, and FTTB having higher fiber deployment costs but lower equipment costs per building.
8.1 FTTC Cost
FTTC cost includes the fiber from the central office to each cabinet, the cabinet itself (civil works, enclosure, power connection), the DSLAM or DPU, and the ongoing power and maintenance costs. The fiber cost is amortized over the 100 to 300 premises served by each cabinet, so the per-premises fiber cost is low. The cabinet cost, however, is concentrated at each cabinet location, and the civil works for cabinet installation can be significant.
8.2 FTTB Cost
FTTB cost includes the fiber from the central office to each building, the building entry works, the DSLAM or DPU, and the ongoing power and maintenance costs. The fiber cost is amortized over the building's units, which may be as few as 10 to 20 in a small building. This makes the per-premises fiber cost higher than FTTC, especially in areas with many small buildings.
The equipment cost per building is lower than the cabinet cost in FTTC, because the building-level DSLAM or DPU is smaller and does not require an outdoor enclosure or civil works. However, the total number of equipment locations is higher, which increases the operational cost of managing the network.
| Cost Element | FTTC | FTTB |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber Deployment | Lower (to cabinets only) | Higher (to each building) |
| Cabinet / Enclosure | Higher (outdoor cabinet, civil works) | Lower (indoor equipment room) |
| Equipment Cost | Higher per location | Lower per location |
| Number of Locations | Fewer (cabinets) | More (buildings) |
| Power and Cooling | Higher (outdoor cabinet) | Lower (indoor, building HVAC) |
| Per-Premises Cost | Lower in dense areas | Higher in areas with small buildings |
| Maintenance | Fewer sites, higher cost per site | More sites, lower cost per site |
9. Application Scenarios
The choice between FTTC and FTTB depends on the deployment environment, the building density, and the bandwidth requirements.
9.1 FTTC Application Scenarios
Low-density suburban areas: Where buildings are spread out and the cost of pulling fiber to each building is high.
Areas with existing cabinet infrastructure: Where cabinets are already in place and can be upgraded with fiber and DSLAM/DPU equipment.
Broad coverage with moderate bandwidth: Where the goal is to provide 20–80 Mbps to as many premises as possible at low cost.
Markets with limited competition: Where subscribers have few alternatives and moderate speeds are acceptable.
Transitional deployments: FTTC can be deployed as an intermediate step while FTTH is planned and funded.
9.2 FTTB Application Scenarios
Multi-dwelling units (MDUs): Apartment buildings where fiber can be pulled to the building and the in-building copper is reused.
High-density urban areas: Where buildings are close together and the cost of pulling fiber to each building is manageable.
Higher-bandwidth requirements: Where subscribers need 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps, which FTTC cannot deliver over long copper loops.
Buildings with good copper infrastructure: Where the in-building copper is in good condition and can support VDSL2 or G.fast.
Competitive markets: Where subscribers demand higher speeds and the operator needs to differentiate from FTTC-based competitors.
| Scenario | Recommended Approach | Rationale |
|---|---|---|
| Low-density suburban area | FTTC | Lower fiber deployment cost; moderate bandwidth sufficient |
| High-density urban area | FTTB | Fiber can reach each building at manageable cost; higher bandwidth |
| Apartment building (MDU) | FTTB | Short in-building copper loop; high bandwidth; reuse existing copper |
| Single-family homes, spread out | FTTC or FTTH | FTTC for moderate bandwidth; FTTH for high bandwidth |
| Areas with existing cabinets | FTTC | Leverage existing cabinet infrastructure |
| Competitive market with high bandwidth demand | FTTB or FTTH | FTTC cannot deliver the required bandwidth |
| Transitional deployment to FTTH | FTTC or FTTB | Either can serve as an intermediate step |
10. Migration to FTTH
Both FTTC and FTTB are intermediate architectures on the path to full FTTH. The migration path differs depending on the starting point.
10.1 FTTC to FTTH Migration
Migrating from FTTC to FTTH requires extending the fiber from the street cabinet to each premises. This involves installing fiber from the cabinet to each building, and then from the building entry to each unit. In many cases, the fiber can be routed through the same ducts or poles that carry the copper network.
The migration is phased: as fiber reaches each building, subscribers can be migrated from VDSL/G.fast to FTTH. The copper network is progressively retired as subscribers migrate.
10.2 FTTB to FTTH Migration
Migrating from FTTB to FTTH requires extending the fiber from the building's telecom room to each unit. This involves installing fiber within the building—through existing conduits, along corridors, or through wall penetrations. In buildings with pre-installed fiber conduits, the installation is straightforward; in older buildings, it may require surface-mounted cable and wall penetrations.
The migration can be phased: subscribers who request higher speeds can be migrated to FTTH first, while others remain on the FTTB service until the building-wide migration is complete.
| Migration Aspect | FTTC to FTTH | FTTB to FTTH |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber Extension Required | Cabinet to each building | Building telecom room to each unit |
| In-Building Work | Building entry and riser | Full in-building fiber distribution |
| Copper Retirement | Cabinet to premises copper retired | In-building copper retired |
| Phasing | Building by building | Unit by unit or building-wide |
| Cost | Higher (more fiber to each building) | Lower (fiber only within building) |
11. Comparison Summary
| Dimension | FTTC | FTTB |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber Termination Point | Street cabinet | Building telecom room |
| Copper Loop Length | 100–500 m | 20–100 m |
| Typical Downstream (VDSL2) | 20–80 Mbps | 80–150 Mbps |
| Typical Downstream (G.fast) | 150–500 Mbps | 500–1,000 Mbps |
| Typical Upstream (G.fast) | 50–200 Mbps | 200–500 Mbps |
| Round-Trip Latency | 10–25 ms | 3–10 ms |
| Equipment Location | Outdoor street cabinet | Indoor building telecom room |
| Power Consumption | 100–300 W per cabinet | 50–150 W per building |
| Cooling | Passive or active | Building HVAC |
| Fiber Deployment Cost | Lower (fewer termination points) | Higher (more termination points) |
| Per-Premises Cost | Lower in dense areas | Higher in areas with small buildings |
| Best For | Low-density areas, transitional deployments | MDUs, high-density urban areas, higher bandwidth |
12. Selection Framework
| Evaluation Factor | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Building density | Low density: FTTC. High density: FTTB. |
| Building type | Single-family homes: FTTC or FTTH. MDUs: FTTB. |
| Bandwidth requirement | 20–80 Mbps: FTTC. 100 Mbps–1 Gbps: FTTB. |
| Latency requirement | Relaxed: FTTC. Moderate: FTTB. |
| Copper loop length | >300 m: FTTC limited to lower speeds.<100 m:="" fttb="" enables="" higher="" speeds.=""> |
| Existing infrastructure | Existing cabinets: FTTC. Good in-building copper: FTTB. |
| Deployment cost | Lower per-premises in dense areas: FTTC. Lower per-building in MDUs: FTTB. |
| Power availability | Cabinet power available: FTTC. Building power available: FTTB. |
| Upgrade path to FTTH | FTTB requires less additional fiber (only in-building) |
| Competitive environment | Low competition: FTTC may suffice. High competition: FTTB or FTTH. |
13. Emerging Trends
13.1 G.fast Extends FTTC and FTTB Life
G.fast has extended the life of both FTTC and FTTB by providing higher bandwidth over shorter copper loops. In an FTTB configuration, G.fast can deliver 500 Mbps to 1 Gbps, which is competitive with early FTTH offerings. In an FTTC configuration, G.fast delivers 150 to 500 Mbps, which is a significant improvement over VDSL2 but still limited by the longer copper loop.
13.2 Vectoring and Crosstalk Cancellation
Vectoring technology cancels crosstalk between copper pairs in the same binder, allowing higher frequencies and greater bandwidth. Vectoring is essential for G.fast deployment, where crosstalk would otherwise limit performance. It is used in both FTTC and FTTB deployments, but it is more effective in FTTB because the shorter copper loops have lower inherent crosstalk.
13.3 FTTH as the End State
Both FTTC and FTTB are increasingly seen as transitional architectures. As bandwidth demand continues to grow—driven by 4K/8K video, cloud gaming, remote work, and smart home applications—the limitations of copper become increasingly apparent. FTTH, with its dedicated optical path and symmetric multi-gigabit capability, is the end state that operators are migrating toward. FTTC and FTTB serve as intermediate steps that allow operators to generate revenue and defer the full cost of FTTH deployment.
13.4 Copper Retirement
As FTTH deployment accelerates, operators are beginning to retire their copper networks. In some markets, copper retirement is driven by the cost of maintaining the aging copper plant; in others, it is driven by regulatory pressure to provide universal high-speed access. The retirement of copper will eventually make FTTC and FTTB obsolete, but the timeline varies by market and is measured in years or decades.
14. Conclusion
FTTC and FTTB are two hybrid fiber-copper access architectures that differ in where the fiber terminates and how much copper remains in the path. FTTC terminates the fiber at a street cabinet, leaving 100 to 500 meters of copper to reach each premises. FTTB terminates the fiber at the building, leaving only 20 to 100 meters of copper to reach each unit.
The shorter copper loop of FTTB enables significantly higher bandwidth—up to 1 Gbps with G.fast, compared with 150 to 500 Mbps for FTTC. FTTB also offers lower latency and better performance consistency. However, FTTB requires fiber to be pulled to each building, which is more expensive and time-consuming than pulling fiber to a smaller number of street cabinets.
The choice between FTTC and FTTB depends on the deployment environment. FTTC is more cost-effective in low-density areas where the cost of pulling fiber to each building is high. FTTB is more cost-effective in high-density urban areas and MDUs, where the fiber can reach many subscribers with a single building connection, and where the shorter copper loop enables higher bandwidth.
Both architectures are transitional. As bandwidth demand grows and FTTH deployment accelerates, both FTTC and FTTB will eventually be replaced by full fiber-to-the-home. But in the interim, they provide a pragmatic path to higher bandwidth at lower cost, leveraging existing copper infrastructure while the fiber network is extended deeper into the access network.
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